Presentation of the Figure of the Slave in the Romance Era Essay

Presentation of the Figure of the Slave in the Romance Era - Essay Example Through his ability to quote John Milton and the Bible, important secular and religious books, he surprised the public with its high literary quality and caused many to seriously question what they'd been told. Approximately ten years after Equiano's work was published, Robert Southeby wrote his poem "The Sailor Who Had Served in the Slave Trade." The poem captures the essence of a lost soul dealing with the guilt of his past treatment of slaves, for his failure to recognize them as humans and also God's chosen creatures. By exposing the progression of the lost sailor's great sin, Southeby provides a glimpse into the general attitudes of the British people, showing a strong shift in understanding from the past to Southeby's present. Both works make use of contrasts to combat common beliefs that Africans were a separate species more like animals by showing them instead to have equal or greater intellectual capacity, to have a civilized frame of mind, and to be included within the Chri stian framework of existence. Evidence of Intellectual Capacity Just the idea that he was able to write his own story, without requiring someone else to transcribe what he said, made Equaino different from many other former slaves whose stories have been immortalized. While all surviving stories of slave experiences are considered valuable: "Their literacy, accompanied with their position as former slaves, provides their narratives with an added sense of authenticity and authority on the subject of the slave trade" (Gunn, 2007: 6), Equiano's was different. He did it with such a high degree of skill that the British, expecting to find a relatively amateur accounting, instead found themselves fully engaged in a thrilling story of adventure... Taken together, Equiano and Southeby provide a clear way to look at the prevailing attitudes and beliefs about slaves at that time. They do this by exploring concepts of individual intellectual pursuit, culture and society, and their characters' position within the framework of the Christian church. Equiano proved he was an intelligent individual, capable of expressing himself to the most educated of English society with skill and persuasively, when he wrote his book. He brought into question whether Africans could be trained to be on a par with white people intellectually speaking, which further questioned whether Africans were truly an inferior, more animal species. Although Southeby's sailor hadn't thought it strange that slaves were flogged to death on a regular basis on the slave ships and had to be forced to touch the slaves in order to make them eat before, he changes his mind after the murder. He is a creature of feelings and emotions, acting on base elements of dominance as he follows through on his captain's orders. Similarly, Equiano shows his society back in Africa to be highly organized and quite civilized, including a rich strand of the arts interwoven into daily life, as compared to the brutality and force depicted in Southeby's world.

Postmodernism and Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Postmodernism and Christianity - Essay Example Thesis Postmodernism odds with religion as it unveils realities of life, it is ironic and playful in contrast to dogmatic and strict religious rules. Postmodernism is defined as an artistic style emerged in opposition to "modern" traditions: it is more ornamental and ironic. With the rise of academic postmodernism and the growing influence of the political attitudes of the 1960s (both of which actually come after the post-war experimental avant-garde had established many new techniques in the arts), many artists became extraordinarily sensitive about their theoretical, and their political, position. Postmodernism odds with religion because religion rejects its main principles and rules. In this case, an idea of God which gives each of these two alternatives its due, while not succumbing to their temptations (Connor 92). Since the Bible speaks of God in symbols, part of biblical theology's contribution might be to elucidate the meaning of these symbols in our current cultural context. This is the hermeneutical task; to show what the Bible now means by what once it meant. Believers wish to share in the task of thinking towards an ad equate idea of God by undertaking an examination of the symbol "Father" as applied to God in the teaching of Jesus (Bataille and Hurley 43). The term ‘weak’ culture means that people differ in geographical location and in statistical terms. â€Å"Strong† culture means a desire of postmodern artists to make the world realistic. There is no such notion as truth. Postmodernist thought, in attacking the idea of a notional centre or dominant ideology, facilitated the promotion of a politics of difference. Under postmodern conditions, the ordered class politics preferred by socialists has given way to a far more diffuse and pluralistic identity politics, which often involves the self-conscious assertion of a marginalized identity against the dominant discourse (Connor 40). Much feminist thought therefore has in common with postmodernism that it attacks the legitimating metadiscourse used by males, designed to keep them in power, and it seeks an individual empowerment against this. This is the key to creativity in the individual. This evidence for the growth of an individual through the socialization process is neglected by 'social construction' theorists of the self (Bataille and Hurley 88). The cultural context of the father figure is lively and confused. The father and Jesus is the source of all morals and religion; every human being must work through his or her relationship to the father on the way to maturity. Religion and morals are merely ways in which the repressed memory of this deed finds expression. Thus the dead and repressed father, whose figure each one of us internalizes and thereby makes into a source of authority, is more powerful than the living one. However, the father may not be as central to our psychic life. He regards the vanishing of the father as the outcome of a long process, which can be traced in art and literature (Connor 39). Postmodernists critique foundational approaches to language and often attempt to reconceptualize objectivity rather than to reject it entirely or to replace it with subjectivity. Such reconceptualization

The Effects of International Business Strategy in emerging Markets

The Effects of International Business Strategy in emerging Markets The increase in the continuous growth of the emerging markets, in particular the four major countries Brazil, China, India, and Russia, are the largest emerging markets (LEMs) which face challenges and offers immense opportunities to the international business growth however in the recent times it has shown an increasingly fierce competitiveness internationally of these economies now pose a challenge for the economies of the world. The challenges are evident in the form of increase in the commodity prices, rising food cost, growing outward investment and acquisition the largest emerging markets firms, with its direct impact on insecurity in jobs and growing inequality of income in developed and developing nations hence creating a need for restructuring the international institutions to reflect the shifting balance of economic power in the world economy. The growing recession in the west and the reliance on selective protectionism on a rise are impacting the prospects of the emerging economies of the world. Theoretical aspect This is research aims at formulating the scope of the international strategy by analysing the current situation of the economys and the theories applied by different theorist on the emerging nation in the past taking into consideration the degree of their effectiveness into account and postulating new perspective and dimension to it. The analysis of the early phase of the market emergence, Institutional theory helps in comprehending the impact on the enterprise strategies this is due to the strong influence of the government in the emerging economys to that of developed economies . the role of institutional theory is reviewed in context to the other theories and their interactions in understanding the the emerged and the developed market economies. Institutional theory This theory emphasizes on the influence of surrounding system organisation that shapes the social and organisational behaviour(scott 1995). The important role of an institution in a economy is to reduce information and transaction cost by building a a stable structure to facilitate interaction bye reducing uncertainty .Suhomlinova (1999) found that government institutions influence had a negative impact on Russian enter-prise reform, Lau (1998) suggested that political and market pressures were the institutional constraints faced by chief execu-tives in Chinese enterprise hence this theory would help in assessing the social barrier and interference pattern in the emerging market economy. Transaction cost in emerging economies Transaction cost economics studies the firm-environment interface through a contractual or ex-change-based approach (Williamson, 1975). This aspect plays an integral part as the rational governance choice requires a trade-off, at the margin, between the transaction costs associated with the market mode, a firms need for control, and the governance costs of hierarchy which in most of the emerging economies is high hence Choi, Lee, and Kim (1999) hypothesized that measurement and enforcement are two critically important transaction costs in emerging economies. In a country where the price system does not accurately provide signals for efficient resource allocation, measurement costs should be high. Similarly, in a country where official discretion rather than the rule of law defines property rights, enforcement costs will be high (La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shlei-fer, Vishny, 1997). This aspect has a important role to play in the emerging economies for international business. Resource based perspective The resource based view has argued on a primary concern, why do firms differ and how they achieve and sustain competitive advantage. Penrose (1959) argued that heterogeneous capabilities give each firm its unique character and are the essence of competitive advantage. This is another dimension for the research as to how do we strategize and enter the makets of these emerging economies Empirical analysis Research on strategy in this field of emerging economies is difficult on several grounds as the theory postulated for the developed economies may not apply for the emerging economies, with the empirical hence researchers do find it difficulty in data collection sampling measuring the variable for example the firms performance with the variety of variable changing. The combination of quantitative and qualitative method is the most reliable and relevant method of data collection and analysis. Sampling and data collection Sampling approach has to be innovative pertaining to the changing economies for example the general data source like telephone directory could become outdated rapidly. The data which may be generally collected from a company may not necessarily be consistent witht he data possessed by the government authority hence there requires a collaboration of different studies to analyse and find the right method for data collection as questionnaire, surveys are dependent on the postal service. Collaborative projects with local researchers using face-to-face interviews may be a key means of gaining access to data sources (Lee Miller, 1999). Henderson and Cock-burn (1994) used quantitative questionnaires, qual-itative interviews, and multiple informants to increase the validity and reliability of their measures of organizational competence, variable measurement do pose a number of problems that present a difficulty in strategy research in emerging economies. Mixed methodology In assessing the empirical aspect relating to the research of the growth and the different attributes to international business in emerging countries, the approach to it has to be on broader perspective hence it requires a collaboration of quantitative which primarily deals with the numeric data collection converting it into statistical form and then evaluating it to derive result and the qualitative measure of analysis which aims at understanding the meaning exploring it further by means of case study , questionnaire surveys to and then analyse the response, both method in proper coordination would provide the insight in understanding the complexity of the emerging market and the factor effecting international business. Conclusion The areas of research is focussed to the (BRIC) nations Brazil Russia India China with downfall of the economy which is at the brinks of pulling itself out of recession the key to overcome lies with this countries hence the objective of the research is to evaluate the current aspects of International business strategy applied to these emerging economies.

Love and Loneliness in Thornton Wilders The Bridge of San Luis Rey Ess

Love and Loneliness in Thornton Wilder's The Bridge of San Luis Rey "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far." -Theodore Roosevelt, 1901    In Thornton Wilder's Pulitzer Prize winning novel, The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1939), a message is woven throughout the pages and portrayed in each character. The novel is about the finest bridge in all of Peru and on Friday, July the twentieth, 1714, the bridge broke, taking five travelers into the gulf below. Brother Juniper, a monk who witnessed the catastrophe burned the question, "Why did this happen to those five?" He also poses the proposition, "Either we live by accident and die by accident, or we live by plan and die by plan" (pg. 119). The novel tediously describes each of the five killed in the accident. All five of them were well-respected people in the public eye who, at one point in their lives, deeply loved someone, but unintentionally loses them. As the novel draws closer to the end, the message becomes clearer to the reader. Thornton Wilder uses the bridge in his novel to symbolize the "bridge" between love and loneliness. The "bridge" of love that "connects one to a nother gives dignity and purpose to even the lowliest of lives" (pg. 119). One of the victims of the accident was the Marquesa de Montemayor, Doà ±a Marà ­a. She had an unhappy childhood, "she was ugly; she stuttered; her mother persecuted her with sarcasms" (pg. 11). She lived alone and when she was finally forced into marriage, she still lived alone. When she was bore with a daughter, she was determined to give "her idolatrous love" (pg. 12). However, little Clara took after her father and was cold and intellectual. Clara frightened her mother, "but Doà ±a Marà ­a could not prevent herself from... ...ld sit down and rest, but it turned out not to be necessary" (pg. 102). The breaking of the bridge in Thornton Wilder's novel, The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1939) symbolizes a realistic message of how there is a "land of the living and a land of the dead and the bridge is love, the only survival, the only meaning" (pg. 117). The characters in the novel display the true affection at one point in their life and suddenly in an instant, the bridge is beyond repair. Wilder does an amazing job of creating a situation approached in every day life about love, losing and loneliness. The message in The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1939) is one that all of the world can relate to, it's a strong "bridge" at one point and with one wrong move, it's broken and lost forever.    Works Cited    Wilder, Thornton. The Bridge of San Luis Rey. New York: Washington Square Press, Inc. 1955.

Parliamentary and Presidential Forms of Government

The White House, home of the president of the United States. Egyptian Courts Suspend Parliamentary Elections * * Parliamentary System 1. Intimacy between the Executive and the Legislature: Under this system there is a close relationship between the Executive and the legislature. The members of the Executive, i. e. , the Prime Minister and his cabinet colleagues are also the members of the legislature. They in fact enjoy the support of the majority in the legislature. Thus the Prime Minister and his cabinet can pass, amend or repeal any type of law with the support of subservient majority in the legislature.In this way, the executive and the legislative branches of the Government work in close harmony. The Executive not only runs the administration but also makes law. 2. Responsibility to the legislature: In this system, the executive is responsible and accountable to the legislature for all its acts of omission and commission. The legislature can remove a cabinet by passing a vote of no-confidence against it whenever it so desires. Moreover, the legislature exercises its control over the executive through interpellation, adjournment motions so on and so forth. . Gap between Practice and Theory: In a Parliamentary System, there is always a gap between law and fact. According to law, all powers of the Government are vested in the Chief Executive head who may be President as in India or Governor General as in Canada or King or Queen as in U. K. In actual fact all his powers are exercised by the Cabinet which is created out of the majority party in the legislature. The Chief Executive head is just an ornamental head or figure head. All real and effective authority is exercised by the Cabinet.The parliament gov is elected by the legislature. Presidential System 1. Separation between the Executive and the Legislature: The executive and the legislative branches of the government under the system are separate and independent of each other. The Executive which generally consists of a President and a cabinet subordinate to him runs the administration of the country. It has nothing to do with law-making. The President or his ministers are neither the members of the legislature nor do they enjoy any support of a majority in it.Sometimes, the President may belong to one Party and another Party may have a majority in the legislature and both may run at cross purposes. The fact is clear from the working of this system in U. S. A. 2. Presidential Executive is not responsible to the Legislature: Under this system the Executive is independent of the legislature and is not responsible to it. The President has a fixed tenure of office and cannot be removed by an adverse vote in the legislature. The ministers are appointed and dismissed by the President himself and the Legislature cannot touch them.Since none of them is a member of the Legislature, they cannot be subjected to any parliamentary criticism. 3. No Gap between Practice and Theory: Under this syste m, there is no such gap between law and fact. The Chief Executive head is the President in whom executive authority is vested by the constitution. He controls effectively his cabinet, which works under him and acts according to his wishes. This fact is clearly illustrated in the working of the Presidential System in the U. S. A. The presidential gov is elelected by us.. (citizens)

Non Verbal

I have sent the following communication to my professionals through a observe and shown on the observe board: â€Å"Coming Second Weekend to complete our objectives or the month a evaluation conference is organized and all should be present at. If any professional Is not able to be present at should find out the material of the conference from their colleagues without fall†. But my communication went wrong and out of 10 professionals, only three professionals have joined at 4. 0 PM who checked-in with me plenty of duration of the conference. Following were the limitations of communication which was standing in the way of my communication: The â€Å"Channel† I have selected communication by â€Å"Receivers† did not make sure the invoice of the communication was missing the â€Å"Chronological context† The second Weekend being a non working day. The communication has designed a â€Å"Psychological noise† by not referring to perfect duration of the con ference and misunderstandings have been designed.The â€Å"social context† also is one of the causes for the failing of the communication as I have not taken all my professionals into assured by providing any enhance information or a objective of the conference previously. Lessons learned in order to get over these limitations of communication: My communication was uncertain by not providing actual duration of conference. The press I have used Is he putting the observe on the observe panel, Instead had I distributed to all the devices and acquired their signatures by asking their accessibility or reviews my communication would not didn't work.I have selected a wrong day a holiday though the process was a schedule one. I could have managed good interaction with my professionals for success of my communication. Overcome the communication limitations when you deliver a concept, you plan to connect significance, but the concept Itself does not contain significance. The significan ce prevails In your thoughts and In the brain of your recipient. To comprehend one another, you and our recipient must discuss similar explanations for terms, actions, style, and other signs. . Variations In perception The globe regularly bombards us with Information: attractions, appears to be, fragrances, and so on. Our thoughts arrange this flow of feeling Into a psychological map that symbolizes our knowing or truth. In no case is the knowing of a certain individual the same as the globe itself, and no two charts are similar. As you perspective the globe, your thoughts takes up your encounters in a exclusive and personal way.Because your views are exclusive, the concepts you want to show vary room other Individuals' Even when two individuals have knowledgeable the same occasion, their psychological pictures of that occasion will not be similar. As senders, the most appropriate and common, a process known as particular knowing. As devices, we try to fit new information into our c urrent design. If a details does not quite fit, we are more likely to change the important points rather than change the design. 2.Incorrect filtering Filtering is testing out before a concept is approved on to someone else. In business, the filtration between you and your recipient are many; staff, staff, receptionists, espousing to devices, etc. Those same gatekeepers may also translate' your receiver's concepts and reactions before moving them on to you. To get over filtration limitations, try to set up more than one communication route, remove as many intermediaries as possible, and reduce distortions by condensing concept information to the simple requirements. . Terminology problems When you select the terms for your concept, you indication that you are a participant of a particular lifestyle or sub-culture and that you know the rule. The characteristics of your rule enforce its own limitations on your concept. Barriers also are available because terms can be considered in mor e than one way. Terminology is an irrelevant rule that relies on distributed explanations, but there happens to be restrict to how completely any of us discuss the same significance for a given term.To get over language limitations, use the most specific and precise terms possible. Always try to use terms your viewers will comprehend. Increase the precision of your information by using language that explains rather than analyze and by introducing visible information, activities, and conditions. 4. Inadequate listening Perhaps the most common hurdle to wedding celebration is merely a lack of interest on the receiver's part. We all let our thoughts walk now and then, regardless of how hard we try to concentrate.Everyone is basically likely to get to sleep when they are compelled to pay attention to information that is obscure or that has little immediate keeping on their own lifestyles. Too few of us basically do not pay interest well! To get over limitations, paraphrase what you have recognized, try to perspective the problem through the sight of other sound system and avoid moving to results. Explain significance by asking non-threatening questions, and pay interest without disturbing. 5.Varying psychological states Every concept contains both a content significance, which offers with the topic of the concept, and a connection significance, which indicates the characteristics of the interaction between e-mailer and recipient. Connections can break down when the recipient responds adversely to either of these explanations. You may have to deal with individuals when they are disappointed or when you are. An disappointed individual tends to neglect or change what the other individual is saying and is often incapable to present feelings and concepts successfully.This is not to say that you should prevent all communication when you are psychologically engaged, but you should be mindful of the higher prospective for misconception that comes with turned on feelings. To get over psychological limitations, be aware of the feelings that occur in yourself and in others as you connect, and make an effort to control them. Most essential, be mindful of the higher prospective for misconception that comes Differences in qualifications can be one of the toughest communication limitations to get over.Age, knowledge, sex, social position, financial position, social qualifications, disposition, health, elegance, reputation, religious beliefs, governmental perception, even a moving feelings can all individual one individual from another and make knowing challenging. To get over the limitations associated with differing background scenes, prevent predicting your own qualifications or lifestyle onto others. Explain your own and comprehend the qualifications of others, areas of knowledge, individualistic and views and do not believe that certain actions mean the same thing to everyone.

Revision, Revision, Revision Notes on Writing Well Essays

Revision, Revision, Revision Notes on Writing Well Essays Revision, Revision, Revision Notes on Writing Well Essay Revision, Revision, Revision Notes on Writing Well Essay Have you ever written a piece of writing and just not quite known what is wrong with it? If you are like every other human being, then of course you have. Stumbling across problems such as these are the main reasons why writers choose to go back and double check what they have already previously accomplished. The revision process is JUST as important as the essay itself. However, not everyone’s revision process is done the same way; sometimes the revision is done by somebody other than the author. Revising an essay can be a very tedious task. Especially if you’re not entirely sure what revision really is. When you hear the word revision, almost every single time you think about run-on sentences or spelling errors. However, that is only one of the many small steps in the direction to true revision. Revising a work of art is much more than surface errors. You need to make sure the content of the paper is accurately portraying your thoughts in a manner the reader will understand. Whether it be identifying and checking for supporting details throughout the paper, or making sure your piece follows the idea and point of the original assignment. In class, we were given an assignment to interview five people who are presenting at a composition research forum that was being held on campus later that night. That’s where multiple comp-250 students present their presentations for whoever asks them to do so. The assignment seemed very troublesome at first, but I knew it would be a great opportunity for a better understanding and comparison of revision and the revision process. I arrived at the research forum later in the evening, so I was able to quickly see what my fellow Fort Lewis College students had in store for me. The first presenter was Sarah Enriquez. Her report was presentation over why we should use human subjects who are on death row to do testing for makeup instead of testing on animals. She described in great detail why it is s

The History of Sex Discrimination Legislation in the US

The History of Sex Discrimination Legislation in the US The United States Constitution did not mention women or limit any of its rights or privileges to males. The word persons was used, which sounds gender neutral. However, common law, inherited from British precedents, informed the interpretation of the law. And many state laws were not gender-neutral. While right after the Constitution was adopted, New Jersey accepted voting rights for women, even those had been lost by a bill in 1807 that rescinded the right of both women and black men to vote in that state. The principle of coverture prevailed at the time the Constitution was written and adopted: a married woman was simply not a person under the law; her legal existence was bound up with that of her husbands. Dower rights, meant to protect a widows income during her lifetime, were already being ignored increasingly, and so women were in the tough position of not having significant rights to own property, while the convention of dower that had protected them under that system was collapsing. Beginning in the 1840s, womens rights advocates began working to establish legal and political equality for women in some of the states. Property rights of women were among the first targets. But these did not affect the federal constitutional rights of women. Not yet. 1868: Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution The first major constitutional change to affect womens rights was the Fourteenth Amendment. This amendment was designed to overturn the Dred Scott decision, which found that black people had no rights which the white man was bound to respect, and to clarify other citizenship rights after the American Civil War had ended. The primary effect was to ensure that freed slaves and other African Americans had full citizenship rights. But the amendment also included the word male in connection with voting, and the womens rights movement split over whether to support the amendment because it established racial equality in voting, or oppose it because it was the first explicit federal denial that women had voting rights. 1873: Bradwell v. Illinois Myra Bradwell claimed the right to practice law as part of the 14th Amendments protections. The Supreme Court found that the right to choose ones profession was not a protected right and that womens paramount destiny and mission was the offices of wife and mother. Women could be legally excluded from the practice of law, the Supreme Court found, using a separate spheres argument. 1875: Minor v. Happerset The suffrage movement decided to use the Fourteenth Amendment, even with that mention of male, to justify women voting. A number of women in 1872 attempted to vote in a federal election; Susan B. Anthony was arrested and convicted for doing so. A Missouri woman, Virginia Minor, also challenged the law. The registrars action forbidding her from voting was the basis for yet another case to reach the Supreme Court (her husband had to file the lawsuit, as coverture laws forbid her as a married woman from filing on her own behalf). In their decision in  Minor v. Happerset, the Court found that while women were indeed citizens, voting was not one of the privileges and immunities of citizenship and thus states could deny women the right to vote. 1894: In re Lockwood Belva Lockwood filed a lawsuit to force Virginia to allow her to practice law. She was already a member of the bar in the District of Columbia. But the Supreme Court found that it was acceptable to read the word citizens in the 14th Amendment to include only male citizens. 1903: Muller v. Oregon Thwarted in legal cases claiming womens full equality as citizens, womens rights and labor rights workers filed the Brandeis Brief in the case of Muller v. Oregon. The claim was that womens special status as wives and mothers, especially as mothers, required that they be given special protection as workers. The Supreme Court had been reluctant to allow legislatures to interfere with contract rights of employers by permitting limits on hours or minimum wage requirements; however, in this case, the Supreme Court looked at evidence of working conditions and permit special protections for women in the workplace. Louis Brandeis, himself later appointed to the Supreme Court, was the lawyer for the case promoting protective legislation for women; the Brandeis brief was prepared primarily by his sister-in-law Josephine Goldmark and by reformer Florence Kelley. 1920: Nineteenth Amendment Women were granted the right to vote by the 19th Amendment, passed by Congress in 1919 and ratified by enough states in 1920 to take effect. 1923: Adkins v. Childrens Hospital In 1923, the Supreme Court decided that federal minimum wage legislation applying to women infringed on the liberty of contract and thus on the Fifth Amendment. Muller v. Oregon was not overturned, however. 1923: Equal Rights Amendment Introduced Alice Paul wrote a proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution to require equal rights for men and women. She named the proposed amendment for suffrage pioneer Lucretia Mott. When she reworded the amendment in the 1940s, it came to be called the Alice Paul amendment. It did not pass the Congress until 1972. 1938: West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish This decision by the Supreme Court, overturning Adkins v. Childrens Hospital, upheld Washington States minimum wage legislation, opening the door again for protective labor legislation applying to women or men. 1948: Goesaert v. Cleary In this case, the Supreme Court found valid a state statute prohibiting most women (other than wives or daughters of male tavern keepers) from serving or selling liquor. 1961: Hoyt v. Florida The Supreme Court heard this case challenging a conviction on the basis that the female defendant faced an all-male jury because jury duty was not mandatory for women. The Supreme Court denied that the state statute exempting women from jury duty was discriminatory, finding that women needed protection from the atmosphere of the courtroom and that it was reasonable to assume that women were needed in the home. 1971: Reed v. Reed In  Reed v. Reed, the U.S. Supreme Court heard a case where state law preferred males to females as administrators of an estate. In this case, unlike many earlier cases, the Court held that the 14th Amendments equal protection clause applied to women equally. 1972: Equal Rights Amendment Passes Congress In 1972, the US Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment, sending it to the states. The Congress appended a requirement that the amendment be ratified within seven years, later extended to 1982, but only 35 of the requisite states ratified it during that period. Some legal scholars challenge the deadline, and by that assessment, the ERA is still alive to be ratified by three more states. 1973: Frontiero v. Richardson In the case of  Frontiero v. Richardson, the Supreme Court found that the military could not have different criteria for male spouses of military members in deciding eligibility for benefits, violating the Fifth Amendments Due Process Clause. The court also signaled that it would be using more scrutiny in the future in looking at sex distinctions in the law- not quite strict scrutiny, which did not get majority support among the justices in the case. 1974: Geduldig v. Aiello Geduldig v. Aiello looked at a states disability insurance system which excluded temporary absences from work due to pregnancy disability and found that normal pregnancies did not have to be covered by the system. 1975: Stanton v. Stanton In this case, the Supreme Court threw out distinctions in the age at which girls and boys were entitled to child support. 1976: Planned Parenthood v. Danforth The Supreme Court found that spousal consent laws (in this case, in the third trimester) were unconstitutional because the pregnant womans rights were more compelling than her husbands. The Court did uphold that regulations requiring the womans full and informed consent were constitutional. 1976: Craig. v. Boren In  Craig v. Boren, the court threw out a law which treated men and women differently in setting a drinking age. The case is also noted for setting out the new standard of judicial review in cases involving sex discrimination, intermediate scrutiny. 1979: Orr v. Orr In Orr v. Orr, the Court held that alimony laws applied equally to women and men and that the means of the partner were to be considered, not merely their sex. 1981: Rostker v. Goldberg In this case, the Court applied equal protection analysis to examine whether male-only registration for the Selective Service violated the due process clause.  By a six to three decision, the Court applied the heightened scrutiny standard of  Craig v. Boren  to find that military readiness and appropriate use of resources justified the sex-based classifications. The court did not challenge the exclusion of women from combat and the role of women in the armed forces in making their decision. 1987: Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte In this case, the Supreme Court weighed a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"States efforts to eliminate gender-based discrimination against its citizens and the constitutional freedom of association asserted by members of a private organization.† A unanimous decision by the court, with a decision written by Justice Brennan, found unanimously that the message of the organization would not be changed by admitting women, and therefore, by the strict scrutiny test, the interest of the state overrode a claim to a First Amendment right of freedom of association and freedom of speech.

Advertisement Message Strategy in Developing Audience

Advertisement can be regarded as an audio as well as visual method of marketing communication that uses sponsored, professional messages for promoting or selling a particular products and services as well as ideas. Essentially, sponsors or else financiers of advertisements are businesses that intend to promote their own products or else services. Advertising is communicated through different mass media that includes both old and new media (Blackhurst et al. 2016). The old forms of mass media are newspapers, magazines, radio, outdoor advertisement along with television (Huang and Sarigà ¶llà ¼ 2014). However, the advanced and new form of mass media include the direct mail, blogs, websites, text messages as well as search results among many others. Social media are also very important medium of reaching out tom customers these days. As per reports, Face book can be considered to be a very popular social media network where there are nearly 1100000000 unique visitors every month. This media is also ranked third and this followed by you tube, twitter and LinkedIn (Bauer and Lasinger 2014). Chernev (2014) refers to the fact that the primary aim and intention of advertisement is to get the particular word out that businesses have exciting offers. As rightly indicated by Hollensen (2015), advertisement can be about anything such as upcoming program of entertainment, new line of product that business will sell, expansion of existing line of products or else services and recognition of adherence to different directives of journalism that detects who, When, why, where and what. However, it is also important to select the most effective media for the advertisement depending upon the target audience of the firm. Homburg et al. (2013) rightly indicates the fact that there are different models of advertisement that explains the way advertisements work. Advertisement communication models needs to incorporate four different steps where each steps has different objectives and delivers policies as well as tactical illustrations regarding the way each step can lead to the subsequent step (Huang and Sarigà ¶llà ¼ 2014). However, from the perspective of planning process of a manager that is essentially top down, an advertisement communication comprises of decision making at four different levels such as Buyer, brand, advertisements, and media. At the stage of buyer, it is important to understand the action objectives of the target audience, communication objectives at the level of brand and processing objectives at the level of advertisements. Finally, the last stage involves exposure plans at the stage of media. As rightly indicated by Bakshi and Gupta (2013), the primary objective of studying consumer behaviour is to comprehend and assess the influence of previous experience on purchasing behaviour of different products. Consumer behaviour is essentially an important part of marketing that helps in learning the manner different individuals, groups or else corporations select, purchase use and way of disposing diverse goods. This study also includes learning factors that include prior experience, tastes as well as preferences, pricing in addition to branding based on which consumers base their decisions of purchasing. Baker and Saren (2016) correctly analyses the influence of process of packaging for decision making procedure of consumers having low income. Findings of the study suggest that consumers having low income have greater preference towards premium packaging as well as brand experience. Nevertheless, it can be observed that consumers belonging to the low income group have higher br and experience from purchases of diverse premium products at the time when it is compared to their purchasing cheap brand products. Ansari and Riasi (2016) indicates the fact that there are essentially five different steps involved in the process of consumer decision making. Evaluation of five phases of consumer decision making procedure of buying are essentially: recognition of problem, search of information, assessment of options, decisions of purchase and finally the post purchase assessment. Researchers are of the view that each phase of decision making process is somewhat different from one another but leads to a common opinion regarding what each phase involve. Aguirre et al.   (2015) states that recognition of need occurs owing to different factors as well as circumstances that includes professional, personal as well as lifestyle that in turn lead to development of idea of buying. Several prior researches conducted by academics as well as scholars on process of identificati on and analysis of diverse factors that affect purchasing behaviour of consumers. As rightly indicated by Adetunji et al.   (2014), there are different factors that affect behaviour of consumers that again can be broadly classified as situational, social, cultural as well as personal factors.   As rightly put forward by Adetunji et al.   (2014), advertisements exert immense impact on the purchasing behaviour of consumers and helps the businesses in promoting their products and services. As such, advertisements delivers a news function to different consumers. Particularly, viewers of advertisements can acquire information and learn about the different new products as well as services that can be availed by them similarly in the way they learn about different events from news. Therefore, it can be inferred that advertisements help in generation of awareness among the consumers regarding the products as well as services provided by businesses. However, information function plays a neutral role and it delivers facts without taking into account approval or else disapproval from target customers. Particularly, in this phase, consumer behaviour orients around expressions of inquisitiveness. Aguirre et al.   (2015)   cultivated that there are different tactics of advertis ements that generates psychological effects. This orients arrangement of images, words, brand or else logo that refers to ad visual. Again, it is also important to arrange the ad visual that indicates towards arrangement of fonts and colours. In addition to this, this process also includes use of particular methods of arranging ad context that includes framing, variations and medium. As correctly indicated by Bakshi and Gupta (2013), advertisements also help in the process of assessment of different features of products as well as services. It can be noted that consumers generally have a sensible response to various advertisement at the time consumers look at different facets of products or else services. However, this response concentrated on proper sequential listing of different operational aspects of different offerings. However, this can be considered as an intellectual reaction instead of emotional responses. Furthermore, advertisements also aids the process of analysis of advantages by the consumers at the time consumers become emotionally involved with advertisements as well as promotional activities of companies. In itself, it can be said in this context that repeated advertisements can affect behaviour of consumers and this repletion can serve as a reminder to different consumes (Ansari and Riasi 2016). Particularly, consumer behaviour crops from remind ers that includes sudden thoughts about the products at the time of shopping or else while arriving at decisions to purchase the good. As correctly indicated by Bakshi and Gupta (2013), advertisements also help in promotion of both loyalty or else alienation based on performance of the products compared to different advertised advantages. Bakshi and Gupta (2013) indicates the fact that it is important to understand the length of time for which the advertisement leaves an impact on consumers. In addition to this, it is also significant to understand the length of a broadcast, impression of print and online advertisements that can exert influence on customers in a bid to determine effectual reach as well as frequency. The media plan of a business needs to analyse how much is more than enough to reach to target audience and measure the exact point that represents the diminishing returns (Hollensen 2015). Again, the length for which advertisements leave an impact includes examination of lagged impact, resolving non-immediate impact of different media by means of decaying media. Aguirre et al.   (2015) opines that the advertisement efficiency can be denoted as the magnitude and scale of a particular advertisement that produces a particular influence. Enumerating the influences and impact of advertisements is vital, given the specific amount allotted for investments for the purpose of advertisement. Baker and Saren (2016) opines that it is not feasible to acquire a worldwide measure of the advertisement efficiency, it is important to develop and implement mechanisms as well as measures for a partial substantiation of outcomes. Taking into account the level of difficulty of enumerating the overall efficiency, it is important to take into consideration the advertisement interacts with diverse other business variables as well as varied effects of advertisements. The efficacy of advertisements include advertisements interacts with other business variables such as behaviour, policies of marketing as well as financial decisions and many others and other environme ntal variables namely, competition and economic conjuncture among many others. The effectiveness of advertisements needs to take into consideration different effects of advertisements that are essentially varied and are not translatable into quantitative terms. The advertisements also need to create long term effects, not always (Huang and Sarigà ¶llà ¼ 2014). As rightly mentioned by Bauer and Lasinger (2014), in academic literature as well as actual practice, analysis of efficacies of advertisements essentially has two basic models, namely, the dichotomous model and the three dimensional model. Ansari and Riasi (2016) opines that the dichotomous model is implemented particularly in product as well as brand advertisements, inclined towards isolating and evaluating separately the effect of sales as well as effect of communication. Raichelgauz et al.   (2015) opines that the effect of sales points out towards the assessment of potential advertising to affect the overall volume of sales as well as the share of the market of the firm irrespective of the probable influence of different variables. In addition to this, the effectiveness of advertisement needs to be taken into consideration for the effects on sales during the short term period. However, the process of measurement of the performance of advertisement is founded on the marginal the ory. Blackhurst et al.   (2016) suggests that the advertisements is thus regarded as the â€Å"independent variable† for the study that again can be joined with further variables of marketing to have a particular result on the specific dependent variable that is essentially trades of the firm. However, the primary intention of the advertisement is to pursue the finest blend of the determining factor behind upsurge in sales. The consequence of the communication indicates towards the capability to transmit suitable messages to a sizeable share of targeted audience (Blackhurst et al.   2016). This effect can be assessed in literature with diverse approaches such as the following: Adetunji et al. (2014) opines that the sociological assessment concentrates on different communities, regarded as a procedure regulated by different directives as well as social norms particularly on the social behaviour. As such, the role of advertisement strategies as well as consumption in the community change can be considered to be a very interesting topic. Again, the sociological aspects refers to examination of different advertisement influences viewpoints, attitudes as well as behaviours of different individuals and social segments. However, there are two different approaches of the sociological perspectives that present contradicting facets regarding the functions of advertisements in contemporary society (Chernev 2014). The sociological perspectives maintain a positive approach to advertisements. As such, it is considered that the role of advertising is to organize different economic as well as social associations, to harmonize diverse social behaviours and to make individu als stick to different common values (Bakshi and Gupta 2013). This too helps in the process of enhancement of art of living together by resolving different problems. However, the second approach is in comparison a critic as advertisement leads to generation of mass consumption. However, in a bid to present appropriate messages, the management of firms introduces innovative, poorly differentiated as well as emblematic values. As correctly indicated by Park et al.   (2013), the semiotic analysis stresses on the use of symbols and this particular approach is useful expressly in the context of creation of suitable advertisements for a business concern. These are essentially recognized as things that conveys specific meanings, for example, certain words, gestures, forms of dance as well as specific images. Madni et al. (2016) correctly mentions that the semiotic studies in detail different features of encoding and more particularly the usage of the codes. However, the primary aim and intention of the investigation is itself the message that contains diverse symbols as well as signs that can be construed as per predetermined intention, without reference to particular consumer as well as the influence of the behaviour of the consumer. As suggested by Kotler et al. (2015), process of communication in general as well as the advertisements in particular are essentially treated by different psychologists. Sheth and Sisodia (2015) mentions that the psychologists examine the motivation of different recipients of the messages of the advertisements that occupy a crucial position in the entire process of analysis. Therefore, the purpose of advertisement creator is to recognize the reasons of consumer behaviour in a bid to detect effective messages of advertisement or to remove the barriers of communication. Hollensen (2015) suggests that the psychological approach along with other types of research as well as investigation have surfaced that leads to contribution to neuroscience. Different evidence acquired by means of scientific experimentation become an essential support for substantiation of diverse assumptions. Homburg et al. (2013) refers to the fact that the psychological approach has the advantage to enumerate the e fficiency of advertisement with reference to recipient of particular message, especially to the characteristics of the consumers.   Conversely, this particular approach does not offer exhaustive replies, and does not research the accurate causes. This again provides the particular messages of advertisements to gain publicity. The messages are decoded, stored and in due course leads to purchases. Thus, it is important to taken into consideration the entire process of communication along with different external factors, particularly, the factors associated to the environment that might play a vital role in determination of the behaviour of the receiver. This process of assessment of the messages can be considered to be vital due to the influence of specific messages on the perceptions of receivers. Madni et al. (2016) opines that the motivations of customers essentially drive the behaviours of consumers, in a bid to recognize with effective advertisement. Park et al. (2013) cultivates the fact that the socio-psychological method essentially takes into consideration the message as well as recipients of the communication. However, this tactic intends to examine the efficiencies of advertisement strategies from the perspective of persuasiveness, noting influence on overall course of generation of responsiveness, memory, outlook as well as behaviour. The research methodology takes into attention the entire environment of the process of communication and the real interactions. Bakshi and Gupta (2013) suggests that the process of experimentation can be widely utilized that can help in testing of formed hypothesis and establishing the links between diverse variables by means of pre-test. This in turn also helps in gaining an advantage in terms of legitimacy of the entire process of research. The procedure also concentrates solely as well as exhaustively on direct influence of diverse variables when considered discretely is hard to tackle in actuality. Nevertheless, this method assesses definite involvement of different variables in the process of elucidating the progression of different variables that are dependent (Adetunji et al. 2014). The major limitations to the dichotomous model can be related to the partial appraisal and inability to deliver consistent breakdowns of the effects attained by advertising as well as other policies of the corporation. Again, the three-dimensional models such as AIDA model as well as model Dagmar are preferred (Blackhurst et al. 2016). Raichelgauz et al. (2015) suggests that the three-dimensional models are utilized both in planning advertising campaigns as well as evaluating the effectiveness. The models also recommend a hierarchy of effects of communication, cognitive as well as behavioural effects. Ansari and Riasi (2016) opines that evaluation of different cognitive dimensions can be related to the understanding of messages and storing of the particular messages in the memory. This memory storage includes spontaneous recall, stimulated recall, facilitated by presentation of particular substantiation, associated memory (Aguirre et al. 2015). The respondents also need to illustrate one particular elements of the process of communication, recognition of the advertising, allocation of brand and the memory of not any specific advertisement but also the brand that is advertised. As rightly put forward by Bauer and Lasinger (2014), Vodafone can be regarded as one of the foremost transnational brands and this corporation also hold the position of 11 th largest telecommunication corporation in the entire globe. In addition to this, the corporation also stands in the second position in particularly Europe. Similarly, Vodafone named as Vodafone Essar in India is also considered as one of the principal service providers of telecommunication in India. Other mobile phone providers in Australia include Optus, Telstra, Virgin Mobile and many others. Optus essentially focuses in a wide range of services related to communications counting mobile, regional, national as well as long distant telephony, network services, internet in addition to different satellite services along with television for subscription. Virgin Mobile Australia is necessarily a telecommunication corporation founded in Sydney.   This mobile phone provider also uses the Optus Network in a bid to re ach approximately 98.5% people in Oz (Ansari and Riasi 2016). As rightly put forward by Ansari and Riasi (2016), Vodafone is widely known for the exclusive advertisement campaign designed by the corporation, namely, â€Å"pug†, campaign of â€Å"happy to help† and advertisement campaign of â€Å"Zoozoo†. The management of Vodafone takes up a very challenging task of constant development of the image of the business entities. The management of Vodafone presented brilliant persona for the company that was very much appropriate for its Zoozoo advertisement campaign. As such, Zoozoos are particularly denoted as the white creatures that possesses ballooned forms along with features of egg heads. This are essentially used to endorse diverse value added services (VAS) of the corporation. Bakshi and Gupta (2013) mentions that each and every advertisement presented by the corporation has a story that are particularly enacted by the zoozoo characters.   The new ad featuring the Zoozoo although look like the animated pones are actua l human beings performing in zoozoo costumes. The advertisement campaigns generally have different implications from the economic standpoints. Madni et al. (2016) suggested that the company Vodafone functions fundamentally in an oligopoly arcade that is categorised by presence of few sellers as well as mutual interdependence. This is essentially a market where all the sellers intends outdo the other players in the market by means of price war that refers to the curtailing of prices as well as â€Å"non-price wars† (Hollensen 2015). The advertisement strategies of a corporation can be considered to be a â€Å"non-price war† where all the players operating in a particular market intends to gain competitive advantage through implementation of innovative as well as exclusive advertisement strategies for generating greater mass appeal. The advertisement campaigns of the company Vodafone are also directed towards outdoing the strategies of the rival players in the market. The management of Vodafone has too attempted to symbolise an appearance of common people belonging to urban areas who can be regarded as the main driving potency behind the augmented use of service of telecom as well as services of VAS offered particularly in the telecommunication business (Baker and Saren 2016). In addition to this, the management of the company Vodafone have tried to present as well as showcase the ways the offers of the company Vodafone can prove to be useful for the urban common people through the Zoozoo characters of the advertisement of the firm. Chernev (2014) suggested that the management of the company Vodafone intended to attract and draw the attention of the target customers of the company not by normal advertisements but by means of catchy as well as funny advertisements. The advertisements of the company also tries to promote different Value added Services offered by the corporation. Therefore, the advertisements of Vodafone also tries to create awareness, growth in sales, and segmentation of market and identification of brand. Adetunji, R.R., Nordin, S.M. and Noor, S.M., 2014. The Effectiveness of Integrated Advertisement Message Strategy in Developing Audience-Based Brand Equity.  Global Business and Management Research,  6(4), p.308. Aguirre, E., Mahr, D., Grewal, D., de Ruyter, K. and Wetzels, M., 2015. Unraveling the personalization paradox: the effect of information collection and trust-building strategies on online advertisement effectiveness.  Journal of Retailing,  91(1), pp.34-49. Ansari, A. and Riasi, A., 2016. An Investigation of Factors Affecting Brand Advertising Success and Effectiveness.  International Business Research,  9(4), p.20. Baker, M.J. and Saren, M. eds., 2016.  Marketing theory: a student text. Sage. Bakshi, G. and Gupta, S.K., 2013. Online advertising and its impact on consumer buying behavior.  International Journal of Research in Finance and Marketing,  3(1), pp.21-30. Bauer, C. and Lasinger, P., 2014. Adaptation strategies to increase advertisement effectiveness in digital media.  Management Review Quarterly,  64(2), pp.101-124. Blackhurst, J.P., Abbott, R.L., Hamilton, A. and Shahda, F.A., 2016.  Advertisement Impressions And Customer Transaction Correlation For Advertisement Validation. U.S. Patent 20,160,042,387. Chernev, A., 2014.  Strategic marketing management. Cerebellum Press. Hollensen, S., 2015.  Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Homburg, C., Kuester, S. and Krohmer, H., 2013.  Marketing management  (Vol. 2). Wiesbaden: Gabler. Huang, R. and Sarigà ¶llà ¼, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. In  Fashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors  (pp. 113-132). Springer New York Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Manceau, D. and Hà ©monnet-Goujot, A., 2015.  Marketing management  (Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Madni, A.R., Hamid, N.A. and Mohd, S., 2016. Influence of Controversial Advertisement on Consumer Behavior.  Journal of Commerce (22206043),  8. Park, J., Kang, D., Kang, H., Kwon, H., Kim, J., Park, B. and Jo, H., 2013. Effectiveness on Public Advertisement Interaction of Advertiser Awareness, Advertisement Appeal and Customer Involvement and Need for Cognition.  Journal of the Korea society of IT services,  12(4), pp.235-253. Raichelgauz, I., Odinaev, K. and Zeevi, Y.Y., Cortica, Ltd., 2015.  System and method for generating an advertisement effectiveness performance score. U.S. Patent Application 14/621,661. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015.  Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Getting academic assistance from

The death of Prophet Mohammed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The death of Prophet Mohammed - Essay Example It therefore follows that the holy book Al-Qur’an and the word of Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) are the two most authentic sources of information for a practicing Muslim (follower of Islam). It is for this reason that the personality of Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) is held in high respect and esteem throughout the Muslim world. According to the most authentic of historical records, Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was born at Mecca in the year 570 A.D where he led his early life. His father Abdullah died a few weeks before his birth and his mother died when he was six years of age. ‘Abd al Muttalib’, who was his paternal grandfather, raised him until he was eight years of age, at which point he also passed away. Later on, he was raised by his uncle ‘Abu Talib’. Muhammad (P.B.U.H) spent his early life at the holy city of Mecca, and later on migrated to the city of Madina where he spent the rest of his life. The holy Qur’an was revealed over a period of twenty three years during which time Muhammad (P.B.U.H) continued his preaching activities and managed to convert a lot of Arabs to the religion of Islam. A number of wars took place during this time, and some time before his death, the holy city of Mecca was conquered. This was a turning point in the history of this region and almost all of the tribes of Arabs came under the influence of this newly growing religion. In the eleventh year after migration (al-Hijra), Muhammad (P.B.U.H) started to have health problems which presented as a headache and fever. For more than eleven days he led the prayers of Muslims under these conditions of illness. As his illness progressed, he shifted to his wife Ayesha’s room where he spent the remaining days of his life. A few days before his death, his fever got worse, for which he told his followers to pour water on him. When his fever got better, he spoke to his people and forbade them from worshipping

The European Court of Justice has distorted the purpose of the Essay

The European Court of Justice has distorted the purpose of the preliminary ruling procedure, as set out in Article 234 EC. The relationship between the nationa - Essay Example ompliance with EC law by the member states have compelled the European Court of Justice or ECJ, to formulate a general principle of state responsibility. This state liability is the result of the fact that EU Member States have to perforce, implement and enforce the EC law. Further, it is the duty of the national courts to decide on cases entailing violation of EC law granted rights of individuals. The doctrine of supremacy of Community law, which is well entrenched, states that the national law of the member states is subservient to the Community law. This doctrine applies not only to primary but also to secondary Community law and in case of a dispute between Community law and national law; the Community law has to be accorded predominance over the national law. Article 10 of the EC describes the various obligations that Member States have to fulfil in order to comply with the EC law. The preliminary reference procedure set out in Article 234 of the EC defines a formal relationship between the European Court of Justice and the national courts. The importance of this procedure lies in the fact that it is used to establish consistent rules, which the national courts have to follow in order to enforce EC law. The result was that the national courts became part of a â€Å"supra-national judicial hierarchy, with the European Court at its apex1.† Under the aegis of Article 234 EC, the ECJ developed the judicial system of the EU. As per the provisions of Article 234, if any clarification are required on questions of EC law, then any ‘court or tribunal may if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgement, require the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon’. Due to such intervention, all national courts are empowered to make direct references to the ECJ. The ECJ was allotted a paramount position in the national judicial systems by Article 234 EC, which states that â€Å"Where any such question is raised in a case pending

Solar thermal heating systems for domestic use in the uk Dissertation

Solar thermal heating systems for domestic use in the uk - Dissertation Example In the case that solar power is useful in the United Kingdom, the cost of the installation will be put into context with the theoretical energy savings using the information from one British household. This information will be applied to thermal heating systems for use in central heating. In many countries, full solar electricity systems are not viable. In these cases, solar energy can still be utilised to lower the dependence on fossil fuels, and can be transformed into central heating or hot water. These systems do not generally rely on photovoltaic plates to convert the energy, as these are particularly expensive, but instead use one of two main systems: direct or indirect. These systems were tested in the course of this paper and were both found to be cost-effective and viable for the house in question in the United Kingdom. This was compared with the results from using photovoltaic plates to provide electricity to show the difference in benefits gained in the UK. Introduction So lar Power Solar power is one of the most popular renewable energy technologies available (Tiwari, 2002) and is gaining appreciation due to the increasing amount of emphasis on fossil fuels and how they affect the environment. Solar power relies on converting solar energy to usable fuel energy (Larson & West, 1996) generally for electricity. Solar power generally relies on the use of photovoltaic plates, which are essentially cells containing some photovoltaic material which can capture light from the sun and turn it into electricity. They rely on the photoelectric effect. Photovoltaic plates are generally made from silicon (DeWinter, 1990). Solar energy can be directed onto these plates at a greater intensity by using mirrors or lenses to reflect the sunlight onto them. Tracking devices can also be used. In this case, the photovoltaic plates are attached to a sensor mechanism, and can be moved automatically to face the direction in which they will capture most solar energy (Tiwari, 2002). One of the main problems with solar power is that it can only be used during sunlight, meaning that at night time or during dark weather there is no electricity from this method (Tiwari, 2002). To get around this, sunlight should be stored during peak hours for use at later points. There are many storage mechanisms available. One of these is the use of molten salts to store energy at high temperatures. These are a favoured storage type because they are low cost and have a high specific heat capacity (DeWinter, 1990). Another way of storing solar energy is to use rechargeable batteries. These must be of considerable size for use in public solar energy plants. Battery storage can also be used by people with domestic solar energy sources, and a measuring system is available that gives credit to homeowners that supply their excess electricity (Tiwari, 2002). The energy can also be stored in water using a hydroelectricity technique. A final method of storing energy is artificial p hotosynthesis, which relies on nanotechnology to stored the energy in chemical bonds, which can be broken to release the energy again. There are some new sources of solar energy that are being considered, although these are generally not applicable to domestic systems. One suggestion is that solar energy be captured in space. This has the benefit of not using any habitable land and does

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Investigate, Outline and Analyze UK Food Industry - Essay Example As the report stresses in the modern world of globalisation, the economy of one country is related to that of another. Under such a scenario, free markets exist where the governments do not regulate the prices rather the prices are fixed by the demand and supply system. Therefore, an industry not only depends on the products offered by the domestic companies, but also in this era of globalization and free market, on the competitors in the industry. With the presence of many competitors in the market, people get the high quality products at lower prices. In UK, the government’s liberalization of the economy from the 1980s has led to increased market competition in all the industries. The researcher has chosen the food industry of UK for the analysis. The paper declares that the food industry in UK is ruled by supermarkets and retailers that have an effective supply chain system. The process starts from the cultivation of food in the farm land. The farmers produce the food and the retailers buy the raw materials from them. The retailers then pack the food and bring it to the customers. There are many players in the industry and so the competition is intense. As the market is a free one, so the entry barriers are lower and for that there are new companies who want to enter the market. The food sector can contribute in an effective way. As the food industry is growing and employment conditions are better here, the industry can take a leading role towards the growth of UK’s economy.

Psychology of Teenage Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay

Psychology of Teenage Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Essay Example (Jessor 2004, p. 45) The reasons for teenage pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome are mostly psychological and social, and it is understandable, that the influence and effects of teenage pregnancy may become terrible for young girls, if not properly treated. In connection with this, Shonfeld and Mattson (2005) write, that 'the socialization deficits and views on stealing and obeying the law may serve as early indicators of later maladaptive behaviour. In terms of the overall moral maturity score, it is possible that this global measure is not sensitive enough in detecting delinquency in youth with prenatal alcohol exposure.' (Schonfeld & Mattson 2005, p. 24) What is meant here is that leaving school causes the lack of communication and socialization, which in its turn leads to the alcohol intake of a pregnant girl, which is destructive for her future child. The problematic issue is whether the young girl will be able to go successfully through her pregnancy, as well as the proper bringing out and caring for the child. It is a well-known fact, that pregnancy is always a period of exaggerated emotions for the future mother, even if her conditions are optimal, which cannot be said about most pregnant adolescents. The time of pregnancy is the period of absolute physical and psychological changes, and these changes are even more vivid with the young teenage girls. Schonfeld and Mattson also write in their article: 'As a developmental phase, adolescence is positioned between childhood and adulthood. Conventional theory holds that adolescence is a time during which teenagers assert their sense of identity, rebelling from the control and authority of their parents. Thus, it is not unusual to encounter a high degree of emotional turmoil in the adolescent. When a teenager becomes pregnant, however, the continuity of both the physical and the psychological growth is abruptly interrupted.' (Schonfeld & Mattson 2005, p. 24) This is also one of the main causes for the pregnant girl drinking too much alcohol, which finally leads to the FAS and thus to the most negative consequences for the child. The psychological consequences of the adolescent pregnancy are various and vary in the wide range. Pregnancy is altering the conscience of the young girl, and thus she becomes preoccupied with different dreams and fantasies in relation to her future infant. But all these fantasies towards an adolescent are always much exaggerated, especially when the pregnancy was not planned (which is the most common situation). 'The emotional confusion that surfaces in the pregnant woman may also cause her to blur the boundaries between 'self' and 'other'. (Blos, 1980) With the child developing in the girl's body, their identities often tend to merge, which happens on psychological and also on the physical level. But this sense of merging will

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Anthropological Finding in North Texas - Term Paper Example All we have now is an immense collection of anthropological evidence of the lives that existed thousands of years ago in the form of human skeletons, mummies, broken bones and ancient campfires. Consequently, such kinds of material evidence are significantly important for anthropologists during the reconstruction of anthropological analysis of the particular area as well as in determination of the length of time they have been in existent. The arrival of the Spanish explorers into the greater Texas region during the 1500s however brought a new historical era characterized by written materials, drawings, pictures and other more accurate sources that are significant to historians and anthropologists. Generally, the previous forensic anthropological analysis of material evidence in the greater Texas region has revealed a mixture fascinating historical accounts as well as some painful recount of wars the Native Indians and the Europeans during the arrival of the European immigrants. For example after the arrival of the Spaniards in the area around Texas in the 16th century, a number of brutal cultural conflicts were witnessed between the Natives and the Spanish immigrants some of which resulted in near decimation of the Native populations in the region. Forensic anthropology seeks to identify and interpret the human skeletons as well as the accompanying artifacts using various anthropological techniques. This paper discusses the anthropological analysis and identification of three partial human skeletons as well as three artifacts that were found along with them in Spanish Fort, Montague County, Texas. The analysis of the three artifacts One of the artifacts that were found togeth er with human remains at the site was a long but thin Bird point arrowhead, which was approximately 2 inches long. We deduced that native Indians who used to inhabit the Northern Texas region probably used these kinds of artifacts to hunt wild animals. This is because some of the Bird point artifacts discovered at the site were found in the decayed carcasses of bison and deer. Bird point artifacts were not only used by the Native Indians for hunting but were also occasionally used as weapons during the frequent wars and conflicts. This was particularly before the invention of bows and arrows. The Native Indians probably placed the bird points to their spears to make them effective tools for both warfare and hunting. Another important artifact that was discovered was an Asphaultum hafting. This artifact was identified by the characteristic black color of its residues. It is speculated that during the prehistoric times, the Native inhabitants of Northern Texas to mould some form of pr ojectile weapons and hunting tools as well as to make a waterproof inner coat for their clay pots used Ashphaultum. Finally, the depression also contained an artifact known as Waco sinker. Although it is difficult to pinpoint the specific use of this prehistoric artifact, it is widely believed that the native Indians as bola stones or sinker weights used Waco sinkers during hunting. For example, the Waco sinkers may have been used by hurling them at the hunted animals and the two stones would then wrap around the animal and pull it to the ground. The close proximity of the artifacts with the discovered graves suggested that they may have been intentionally buried along with the bodies as votive offerings, grave goods or as hoards (Inca rebellion Video, 2007).The artifacts are therefore valuable hints at the culture of the dead individuals, their occupation as well their

Psychology of Teenage Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay

Psychology of Teenage Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Essay Example (Jessor 2004, p. 45) The reasons for teenage pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome are mostly psychological and social, and it is understandable, that the influence and effects of teenage pregnancy may become terrible for young girls, if not properly treated. In connection with this, Shonfeld and Mattson (2005) write, that 'the socialization deficits and views on stealing and obeying the law may serve as early indicators of later maladaptive behaviour. In terms of the overall moral maturity score, it is possible that this global measure is not sensitive enough in detecting delinquency in youth with prenatal alcohol exposure.' (Schonfeld & Mattson 2005, p. 24) What is meant here is that leaving school causes the lack of communication and socialization, which in its turn leads to the alcohol intake of a pregnant girl, which is destructive for her future child. The problematic issue is whether the young girl will be able to go successfully through her pregnancy, as well as the proper bringing out and caring for the child. It is a well-known fact, that pregnancy is always a period of exaggerated emotions for the future mother, even if her conditions are optimal, which cannot be said about most pregnant adolescents. The time of pregnancy is the period of absolute physical and psychological changes, and these changes are even more vivid with the young teenage girls. Schonfeld and Mattson also write in their article: 'As a developmental phase, adolescence is positioned between childhood and adulthood. Conventional theory holds that adolescence is a time during which teenagers assert their sense of identity, rebelling from the control and authority of their parents. Thus, it is not unusual to encounter a high degree of emotional turmoil in the adolescent. When a teenager becomes pregnant, however, the continuity of both the physical and the psychological growth is abruptly interrupted.' (Schonfeld & Mattson 2005, p. 24) This is also one of the main causes for the pregnant girl drinking too much alcohol, which finally leads to the FAS and thus to the most negative consequences for the child. The psychological consequences of the adolescent pregnancy are various and vary in the wide range. Pregnancy is altering the conscience of the young girl, and thus she becomes preoccupied with different dreams and fantasies in relation to her future infant. But all these fantasies towards an adolescent are always much exaggerated, especially when the pregnancy was not planned (which is the most common situation). 'The emotional confusion that surfaces in the pregnant woman may also cause her to blur the boundaries between 'self' and 'other'. (Blos, 1980) With the child developing in the girl's body, their identities often tend to merge, which happens on psychological and also on the physical level. But this sense of merging will

Describe how Arthur Miller creates Essay Example for Free

Describe how Arthur Miller creates Essay Describe how Arthur Miller creates an exciting climax for both acts of A View from the Bridge' A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller, is a play about obsession and betrayal. The main character, Eddie Carbone, becomes overprotective over his niece, Catherine, to the degree of infatuation. This obsession helps to cause the break down of Eddies marriage, as his wife, Beatrice realises the alarming nature of Eddies fixation. Eddies feelings for Catherine existed before Beatrices cousins, Marco and Rodolfo came, but their arrival intensifies the situation, as Eddie becomes more and more jealous of Rodolfo, and of Catherines love for him. This play is a tragedy and, like most tragedies, it is serious and ends with the death of the main character, Eddie. Eddie dies after betraying his wifes cousins to the immigration bureau. As a result, Marco, who is filled with hatred and in need of justice, stabs him. Arthur Miller was a New Yorker who worked on the Brooklyn docks, for a time. His experience of the docks and of the people around them, led him to write this play, which is set there. During this coursework, my aim is to study the ends of the two acts in depth to see what techniques Miller uses to make them dramatically effective. The last scene of act one (from page 39 when Catherine puts paper doll on the phonograph) portrays at first is one of a reasonably happy home but Arthur miller uses a combination of significant action and verbal nuances to show depth of characters and character emotions. The basic events of the scene are Rodolfo and Catherine dancing, Eddie showing Rodolfo how to box, and then Marco, challenging Eddie to lift a chair. These are three main parts of this last scene, which demonstrate symbolic changes in the character relationships, the first two build up to the final conflict between Marco and Eddie, which sets the tone for the second act. The first important section of the scene is the dancing between Rodolfo and Catherine. We see in this scene that Rodolfo feels uncomfortable because of Eddie he Stiffly rises, feeling Eddies eyes on his back this shows that Rodolfo may realise how Eddie feels towards his niece, Rodolfo doesnt want to upset him, we see the way Eddie feels about the dancing in the stage direction EDDIE turns his head away. These few simple actions are very important to the play, they show Eddies feelings and the start or progression of the hatred Eddie feels towards Rodolfo and show a subtle conflict between Eddie and his niece. During we find out about a number of things in more depth, for example our understanding of the plays characters changes considerably. We find that Marco disapproves of the way Eddie is treating Rodolfo, this is quite a surprise since we, as an audience do not expect Marco who has previously been shy and quiet to make such a blatant challenge as he does in this scene. Twists and surprises in a plot tend to create suspense and tension so this is a very effective technique to use. The action in this scene Marcos action of holding up a chair triumphantly in front of Eddie is an interesting and significant action because the chair seems to be a symbolic weapon. Marco is threatening Eddie with it, this is analogous to the way he actually uses a weapon to kill Eddie in the final scene of the play. The way that Arthur Miller uses such an imposing action as lifting a chair above head height to make a defined, pointed change in Marco is effective because it is dramatic and startling in the way that it breaks from the tone of the rest of the scene. Although powerful and startling the action of lifting the chair is also subtle in that it states without using words, just how Marco feels and sets out his warning, it is succinct which is part of what makes it effective. I do not believe words would have worked as well at portraying the overall feelings, not just of Marco but also of the other characters. This is a major way that Arthur Miller creates an overall atmosphere. He uses actions that involve the audience reactions and opinions of all the characters and the aids the creation of a climax. Emotions of the audience towards characters are mixed. They may feel happy for Catherine and Rodolfo in that they have found each other and seem so happy. Some may speculate, however, about that, this relationships days are numbered due to Eddies obviously hostile feelings towards Rodolfo. They may also feel anxious as to how the conflict that has arisen between Marco and Eddie will be resolved. This emotional uncertainty is exciting and leaves the audience thinking because of the culmination of events. This last scene in act one is used very effectively by Arthur Miller to sow the seeds of events which are going to happen in the 2nd act of the play. It is only at this point in the play that we get true insight into the feelings of Marco, his stubbornness, his need to prove himself and his brother, which turn out at the end of the play to be fatally strong. It is also only now that we see any dislike of Marco from Eddie, it is this dislike and need for apology that causes the end scene to happen in such a tragic manner. The Characters in this scene are very interesting to observe on their own but it is also interesting to see how Arthur Miller has contrasted the actions of his characters in this scene. One such contrast is that between Marco and Eddie. Eddie uses Aggressive action, such as boxing to make his point whereas Marcos subtle challenge with the chair is, non-aggressive but still makes the intended point. These contrasts between the two mens actions are very interesting and are very effective in demonstrating the differences between their personalities; this makes it even more interesting at the very ending of the play how Marco has changed into a person willing to be violent to get revenge. This final scene leaves many questions unanswered. The conflicts between the characters in this scene could lead the audience to speculate as to how things will develop in the next act but although this scene gives the audience, some idea of how things turn out it does not tell them everything. They may ask themselves what is going to happen to Catherine and Rodolfos relationship since it seems plain that Eddie dislikes Rodolfo and disapproves of his relationship with his niece. And they may wonder about Beatrice and Eddies marriage since it appears to be weakening there is no way, however that at this point the audience realise the ending, they are left in suspense. This means that the ending of this act is all the more of a climax; the audience are left teetering on the edge of knowing more but are left to ruminate till the second act. That in itself is enough to explain the way Miller creates of a climax here. The situations that develop in this play would be difficult for anyone to deal with. Eddie finds the situation that he is in especially difficult and consequently he is seriously affected by it. In this play Eddie goes from being a popular man, respected in the community to being a man willing to betray his own family and, in the final scene one prepared to kill. Eddie started by just being over protective of Catherine, which developed into jealousy of Rodolfo because Catherine loved him and this, in turn developed into passionate hatred of both Marco and Rodolfo. Eddie hardly understands what he himself is feeling at the end of the play. These emotional changes are central to Arthur millers play since they help to cause the chain of events leading up to the final tragic end and are very important in creating interest and drama in the play. This is especially significant at the ends of the acts and creates a charged atmosphere. The changes in Eddie during the play also have consequences on the people around him, especially on Beatrice. Eddie spends less and less time throughout the play with Beatrice socially and more importantly, he spends less time with her intimately. There is evidence in other scenes that the sexual part of the Carbones marriage has already collapsed but that Beatrice desperately wants to save the marriage by sitting down and sorting things out.

The Power Of Brand Accessibility Coca Cola Marketing Essay

The Power Of Brand Accessibility Coca Cola Marketing Essay Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants and vending machines internationally. The Coca-Cola Company claims that the beverage is sold in more than 200 countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke or (in European and American countries) as cola, pop, or in some parts of the U.S. soda. Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton, Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman As a Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century. The company produces concentrate, which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. The Coca-Cola Company has, on occasion, introduced other cola drinks under the Coke brand name. The most common of these is Diet Coke, with others including Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola, Diet Coke Caffeine-Free, Coca-Cola Cherry, Coca-Cola Zero, Coca-Cola Vanilla, and special editions with lemon, lime or coffee. Brand development strategy of Coca Cola has been far reaching and has managed to remain in the limelight ever since it became a favorite with the non alcoholic drinkers.It has been noticed that brand loyalty is an important factor in maintaining the number one position. ounded in the year 1886, the Coca Cola company enjoys the status of being one of the biggest non alcoholic beverage companies of the world. It has a distribution system, which makes it unique from the rest of the non alcoholic beverage manufacturers. Over the years, Coca Cola has passed several tests of brand enhancement and the company makes it a point that the products under the banner Coca Colacontinue to invade the minds of the consumers. The brand development strategy of Coca Cola comprised redesigning of its brand development policies and techniques to keep up with the changing mindset of its consumers. Earlier, this brand believed in the following: Afford ability, Availability, Acceptability, However, this brand development strategy of Coca Cola was re worked to stress on the following instead: Price value, Preference Pervasive penetration.The essence of brand building of the company lies in the fact that it wants its consumers accessibility to be within an arms reach of desire. In an attempt to build its brand identity, as many as 20 brand attributes are tested every month involving as many as 4000 customers. The brand development strategy of Coca Cola is effective as it has been able to construct, manage As well as maintain its brand image. Another reason why this brand has gained unanimous acceptance all around the globe is due to the fact that it has been able to connect very well with its consumers. This impli es brand loyalty. Brand loyalty has been instrumental in keeping up the brand image of Coca Cola. It believes in shelling out the best so that the consumers are retained by default. A part of the brand building technique is also to enhance purchase frequency. The company has also invested in various advertisement campaigns often engaging the services of celebrities around the globe. In addition to the consumers, there is another category of consumers, who increase the consumer base and they constitute the collectors of the brand. The collectors usually indulge in collecting old as well as upcoming logos of Coca Cola, bottles and literary matter. With regard to the brand development of Coca Cola Zero, the company came out with an advertisement, which was quite different from the conventional ones. In this regard, (no calorie beverage), it has shelled out three types of products.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Coca Cola Classic  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Diet Coke  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Coca Cola Zero. There are few experts who believe that when Coca Cola had the tag line of The Real Thing, it was really that but with the invention of various categories of coke, the real thing changes to many things, and the original flavor is usually lost. Hence, the brand building strategies should be such that it does not confuse people and is able to retain consumers despite the fact that several new non alcoholic beverage firms are on the anvil. The Power of Brand Accessibility If you were another soft drink company, you might define your competitive frame of reference as the cola market or the soft drink market or even the beverage market. But Coke thinks of its business and its market share in terms of share of human liquid consumption. This makes water a competitor. In fact, a Coke executive has said that he wont be satisfied until there is a Coca-Cola faucet in every home. Coca-Colas mantra is within an arms reach of desire. One Final Coca-Cola Fact A recent Coca-Cola annual report reported that the second most recognized expression in the world after ok? is Coca-Cola. Brand Equity-: The brand assets (or liabilities) linked to a brands name and symbol that add from a service. Brand equity is difficult to measure because much of it depends on consumers perception and opinions of a brand. When a product has high brand equity they are successful at retaining their current customers by keeping them satisfied with the quality of products and service. They are also successful at attracting new customers who have heard of the brand through successful marketing or word of mouth. Coca-Colas brand equity is difficult to measure because they have extended their brand to include numerous products. In addition to the numerous of versions of Coca-Cola worldwide that compete against other beverage brands, Coca-Cola competes with itself. Nationally there are numerous versions / brands that are a part of the Coca-Cola family. Some of the brands include Coca-Cola Classic, Dasani Water, Full Throttle, Fanta, and Soy Products. In addition to competing against itself the Coca-Cola Company has saturated the market and consumers who may dislike one product may actually enjoy a different Coca-Cola product. However, the consumer may be unaware that the beverage is actually in the Coca-Cola family. As a result measuring brand equity may be difficult as consumers may be loyal and repeat customers of a brand and not know its origin. Coca Cola was taking its core product, Coke, and expanding the product in new form factors and new overseas markets. The brand promise stayed the same whether it was sold in a Coke store in New York or a road side stand in Mongolia refreshment, good times, and pure Americana. Despite the numerous brands and the difficulty in measuring brand equity it is evident that Coca-Cola has high brand equity. They are a company who has been in business for many years they have gained the business of consumers in the soda market as well as numerous other beverage markets nationally and internationally. Their sales and growth show that they are a successful company Brand identity the brand identity is the audio-visual face of the brand the cues that tell you that you are are in the right place. The brand definition is the formal description of what the brand stands for within different description categories its personality, its values, its stories, its emotional benefits etc.. The brand proposition is the deal the brand is offering you at any given moment the coca-cola comp.has long been recognised as an organisation with significant brand equity with over four four hundread brands available in virtually every nook and crany of the world .the flag ship brand of coca cola has stood the rest of the time over 120 years. Infact coca-cola alone is recognized as the most valuable in the world by the respected inter brand corportionvalued at above US $ 67 billion , the coca-cola brand (coke)has become effectively become a part of modern world culture.though its advertising campaign has changed over the years,coca-cola THE REAL TASTE has always stood for aREAL COLA DRINK with authenticity . the identity has been build by an decade with consistent values and diferentiated elements. Many competitors have aim at cokes but the brand continues to command a number one position globaly in ranking of brand equity. After all If u stand for the real thing every competitor is an imitator. the Coca-Cola bottle design differentiated the identity, the easier it is to protect from infringement. Just coca cols has remained to its time tested identity u have the equallly relivant to you. This brand identity should reflect your own unique equity and care essence this will ensure your brand creativity and identity that is meaning ful and sustainable in long term. Brand image- A unique set of associations in the mind of customers concerning what a brand stands for and the implied promises the brand makes. There could be hardly any person around the world that hasnt heard the name Coca Cola. Ever since it beginning as worlds leading name in cold drinks, Coca Cola has created a strong brand image irrespective of age, sex and geographical locations. Millions of people around the world are consuming cold drinks or soft drinks as part of their daily meal. Coca Cola, ever since its inception has been the leader in soft drink market. Brand image is the significant factor affecting Cokes sale. Coca-Colas brand name is very well known all over the world. Packaging changes have also affected sales and industry positioning, but in general, the public has tended not to be affected by new products. Coca-Colas bottling system also allows the company to take advantage of infinite growth opportunities around the world. This strategy gives Coke the opportunity to service a large geographic, diverse, area. Brand loyalty Brand loyalty is a central construct to marketing. Keeping the consumer satisfied, and loyal enough to frequently purchase just one brand, is more difficult in todays marketplace than ever before. But today, major brands are experiencing heightened brand loyalty due to the growing popularity of the brand as a collectible. A recent Coca-Cola annual report reported that the second most recognized expression in the world after ok? is Coca-Cola. Brand personality:- Brand Personality identity is understood as the set of human characteristics associated with a brand. The brand image building strategy implies the definition of a brand personality and a user personality. Have you ever thought about your personal brand? Brand personalities that 1) Are well-known, 2) offer something different to the world than they do in terms of products and services Coca-Colas brand personality reflects the positioning of its brand. The process of positioning a brand or product is a complex managerial task and must be done over time using all the elements of the marketing mix. Positioning is in the mind of the consumer and can be described as how the product is considered by that consumer. When researching the positioning of a product, consumers are often asked how they would describe that product if it were a person. The purpose of this is to develop a character statement. This can ensure that consumers have a clear view of the brand values that make up the brand personality, just like the values and beliefs that make up a person. Many people see Coca-Cola as a part of their daily life. This similarity between the brand and the consumer leads to a high degree of loyalty and makes the purchasing decision easier Brand Positioning:- The location of a brand in relation to its competitors in some pre-defined space. The space may be defined by criteria used by consumers, such as value for money or age of consumer etc. 5 main factors that go into defining a brand position. 1. Brand Attributes What the brand delivers through features and benefits to consumers. 2. Consumer Expectations What consumers expect to receive from the brand. 3. Competitor attributes What the other brands in the market offer through features and benefits to consumers. 4. Price An easily quantifiable factor Your prices vs. your competitors prices. 5. Consumer perceptions The perceived quality and value of your brand in consumers minds (i.e., does your brand offer the cheap solution, the good value for the money solution, the high-end, high-price tag solution, etc.?) The Coca-Cola Company produce a range of beverages suited to different ages, stages, lifestyles and occasions. This includes soft drinks, diet drinks, juices and juice drinks, waters, energy drinks, sports drinks and cordials. As part of a healthy, varied and balanced diet and an active lifestyle, all products can be enjoyed by the majority of people. It is committed to helping customers select the product that is best suited to their needs through the provision of detailed product information supported by general advice on healthy eating, drinking and lifestyles. It understands that balancing energy intake with energy output is key to a healthy body weight. We therefore provide choice through range of low or no-kilojoule products that are ideally suited to the needs of people who wish to reduce energy intake through beverage selection. Such products are readily available at a similar cost to an equivalent higher energy product. As one of the largest producers and marketers of non-alcoholic beverages we promote physical activity through our active lifestyles programme and sponsorship of sport. Through new product development we will continue to release a range of new types of drinks, including low or no kilojoule products as we look at ways in which to cater to those people who wish to reduce energy intake through selection of lower energy beverages. Children and the role of our beverages Coca cola respect and support the primary role that parents play in decisions affecting the lives of young children, including choices about diet and lifestyle. Beverage choice, like food selection, is a role for parents and we assist them in this through the provision of nutrition information and by making available a wide range of products suitable for all ages, stages and occasions. Coca-Colas longstanding global policy ensures we do not directly market our products to children under the age of twelve. Our brands are not advertised during childrens television times and we do not show children under 12 in advertising or promotional materials drinking our products outside of the presence of an adult. Our sampling events are directed to people over the age of 12. In the small number of schools where we provide vending machines we work with the school to provide a range of beverages, and ensure that lower energy products are priced attractively and the packaging is in a single serve size. Guidelines have been established to oversee the manner in which we work with schools and their tuck shops. It is company practice to sell diet drinks and sugar-free alternatives at a similar price to regular carbonated soft drinks. Retailers offering specials are encouraged to include both the regular and diet versions of our soft drinks. Through new product development it aim to develop more products that meet the unique needs of children and will work with nutrition experts as we do this. For healthy active and growing children, beverages higher in energy can be enjoyed as part of a balanced and varied diet. However, we also provide a range of low or no-kilojoule products also suitable for children. Supporting sport and physical activity Globally, The Coca-Cola Company has a long history of supporting sport and activity. have been a major Olympic Games sponsor since 1928 and also sponsor major international sporting events. Coca-Cola has been an All Black sponsor for the past decade and has also supported provincial netball and rugby. At a grassroots level, Coca-Cola has formed a partnership with the National Association of OSCAR (Out of School Care and Recreation) to develop and implement a national physical activity programme available to 75,000 young New Zealanders. In South Auckland, the Get Moving programme is working to encourage children to participate in local sports and recreation courses. The Pump water brand is now a major sponsor of the Heart Foundations Jump Rope for Heart programme that runs in schools across New Zealand and through the Powerade sports drink brand, we support numerous sporting events around the country. Labelling All products of The Coca-Cola Company provide clear nutrition information in compliance with international regulations. Packaging Coca-Cola is committed to strict environmental guidelines, and to ensuring our packaging has as little impact as possible on the environment. To this end, a recycling project was introduced in New Zealand during 2001 which ensures our PET bottles contain an average of 10% recycled material. Information Programmes Coca colas consumer contact centre provides around the clock access to information about the companies. Pricing It is company practice to sell diet drinks and sugar-free soft drink alternatives at a similar price to regular carbonated soft drinks. Similarly, any competitions or promotions of Coca-Cola can be entered by our consumers who purchase diet Coke. Although at the discretion of retailers, special offers and reduced prices on soft drinks are usually available for both the regular and diet versions of our soft drinks Brand extension :- Brand extension or brand stretching is a marketing strategy in which a firm marketing a product with a well-developed image uses the same brand name in a different product category. Organizations use this strategy to increase and leverage brand equity (definition: the net worth and long-term sustainability just from the renowned name) Conclusion:- The progress and advancement in the field of technology in the fields of soft drink raw material, production, manufacturing, information and communication technology and logistics have great positive impacts on the operations and sales of Coca-Cola. The availability of new soft drink ingredients enables Coca-Cola to introduce new variety of its products to its existing consumers, not forgetting to attract the new consumer groups. The use of the latest information technology has made able the company to attract the new generation of soft drink consumers with the latest features of song downloading. Also the existence of company website has enabled the world to be in touch with the latest progress, promotions